Dark Fibre: Enhancing Guyana’s Digital Infrastructure for Data Centres, Websites, and Web Browsing

April 10, 2025
  1. Executive Summary

This report examines the potential of dark fibre infrastructure to revolutionize Guyana’s digital landscape. Dark fibre, representing unused optical fibre cables, offers virtually limitless bandwidth and ultra-low latency, presenting significant opportunities for enhancing data centre capabilities, improving website performance, and accelerating web browsing speeds across the nation. The analysis delves into the technical aspects of dark fibre, the current state of Guyana’s internet infrastructure, and the specific benefits this technology can bring to various sectors. Furthermore, it identifies key stakeholders in Guyana’s internet ecosystem and analyzes the potential benefits and challenges for each if dark fibre were widely adopted. The report also explores existing dark fibre initiatives or discussions within Guyana to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current landscape and concludes by emphasizing the critical role of stakeholder involvement in realizing the full potential of dark fibre for Guyana’s digital future.

  1. Introduction: The Imperative for Enhanced Digital Infrastructure in Guyana

In an era defined by rapid technological advancements, the demand for robust, secure, and scalable connectivity is paramount for economic growth and social development. Dark fibre technology stands at the forefront of this digital revolution, offering a revolutionary connectivity option characterized by unmatched flexibility, performance, and control.1 Unlike traditional network solutions managed by service providers, dark fibre provides a blank canvas, allowing businesses and organizations to create private, high-capacity networks tailored to their specific needs.1 Guyana, while making strides in expanding its digital infrastructure, still faces limitations, particularly in ensuring equitable access and high-speed connectivity across all regions.3 Addressing these limitations is crucial for Guyana to fully participate in the global digital economy and to support the increasing demands of its citizens and businesses. This report aims to explore how the strategic adoption of dark fibre infrastructure can serve as a catalyst for enhancing Guyana’s digital capabilities, focusing on its impact on data centres, website performance, web browsing, and the implications for various stakeholders.

  1. Demystifying Dark Fibre: Definition and Technical Capabilities

Dark fibre, also referred to as dark fiber or unlit fibre, fundamentally represents unused or unlit optical fibre cables that have been laid for telecommunications purposes but are not currently active in transmitting data.1 These cables are typically part of a larger network infrastructure installed by telecommunications companies or internet service providers (ISPs) to accommodate future growth or meet regulatory requirements.2 The term “dark” signifies that these fibres are not actively transmitting light signals carrying data, rendering them “inactive” or “unlit”.2

The technical capabilities of dark fibre are significant, most notably its virtually unlimited bandwidth potential.1 Unlike traditional lit fibre services, where bandwidth is a managed commodity offered by an ISP, dark fibre allows the end-user to deploy their own network equipment. This grants them complete control over the amount of bandwidth they can utilize, limited only by the capacity of the equipment they choose to install.1 Technologies like Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) can further amplify this capacity by enabling multiple data channels to be transmitted simultaneously over a single fibre strand, potentially achieving speeds of terabits per second.8

Another critical advantage of dark fibre is its potential for ultra-low latency.6 Because the user controls the entire end-to-end connection, data can be transmitted directly between points without traversing multiple intermediary network devices owned and operated by an ISP.6 This direct path minimizes delays, resulting in significantly lower latency, which is crucial for real-time applications and efficient data transfer, particularly for geographically close connection points.17

In contrast to dark fibre, traditional “lit” fibre services involve purchasing bandwidth or leased line capacity from an existing network operated by an ISP.2 While lit fibre offers convenience as the ISP manages the network and ensures uptime, it often comes with limitations on bandwidth scalability and customization, as the user is bound by the service agreement with the provider.18 Dark fibre, on the other hand, necessitates the user to invest in and manage their own network equipment, but in return, they gain unparalleled control, security, and the ability to scale their network capacity according to their specific needs and timelines.2

  1. The Current State of Internet Infrastructure and Connectivity in Guyana

The internet infrastructure in Guyana is undergoing a period of significant development, with a mix of connectivity technologies currently in use.20 Fibre-to-the-Premises (FTTP) networks are increasingly prevalent, with approximately two-thirds of households now connected, and major providers like ONE Communications aiming to expand coverage to 75% by the end of 2025.20 Other fixed-line broadband technologies such as Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) are also present, although the focus is shifting towards fibre.20

Mobile connectivity is robust, with 4G LTE networks reaching 93% of the population.31 Both Green Gibraltar (GG Cell) and ENet have launched 5G services in populated coastal regions, indicating a move towards higher-speed mobile internet access.20 Satellite internet plays a crucial role in connecting remote and underserved areas, with providers like GlobalTT offering VSAT services and the government considering licensing Starlink to expand coverage in these regions further, as well as for offshore oil and gas operations.20 Submarine cable systems, including Digicel’s Deep Blue One and ENet’s X-Link, provide international connectivity, linking Guyana with other Caribbean nations and the Americas.20

Despite these advancements, average internet speeds and penetration rates still present opportunities for improvement.30 While internet penetration reached 85% in 2022, average broadband download speeds were around 60 Mbps, and mobile speeds were approximately 22 Mbps.31 These figures place Guyana lower in global rankings for fixed broadband speeds.36 Market competition among ISPs is also rated as poor, potentially impacting service quality and pricing.31 For data centres and businesses requiring high bandwidth and low latency, the existing infrastructure, while improving, may still pose limitations, particularly for supporting emerging technologies like artificial intelligence, which demand significant data processing capabilities and rapid data transfer.47

  1. Unlocking Potential: How Dark Fibre Enhances Data Centres in Guyana

Dark fibre infrastructure offers a compelling solution to address the evolving needs of data centres in Guyana, providing significant advantages in terms of scalability, security, and cost-effectiveness.

Scalability: The demand for bandwidth in data centres is experiencing exponential growth, driven by factors such as cloud computing, big data analytics, and the increasing adoption of AI technologies.61 Dark fibre provides the virtually unlimited capacity required to support these burgeoning demands.5 Unlike traditional leased lines, where bandwidth upgrades often involve lengthy processes and additional costs imposed by ISPs, data centre operators with access to dark fibre can rapidly scale their network capacity by simply upgrading their transmission equipment.11 This agility is particularly crucial for supporting the intensive computational and data transfer requirements of AI workloads, which can double every few months.47 The ability to proactively plan for future growth by lighting up additional dark fibre strands as needed provides data centres with a significant advantage in meeting fluctuating demands and accommodating new technologies.70

Security: Data centres handle vast amounts of sensitive information, making security a paramount concern.77 Dark fibre offers enhanced security compared to shared network infrastructure because it provides a dedicated, private physical pathway for data transmission.5 Since the fibre is leased or owned by the data centre operator and is not shared with other users, the risk of unauthorized access or data interception is significantly reduced.7 Data centre operators have complete control over the network equipment and protocols deployed on their dark fibre connections, allowing them to implement stringent security measures tailored to their specific requirements.6 This level of control is particularly beneficial for industries with strict regulatory compliance requirements, such as finance and healthcare.7 While the physical security of the fibre optic cables themselves is important, the dedicated nature of dark fibre inherently provides a more secure environment for data transmission compared to shared networks.81

Cost-Effectiveness: While the initial investment in leasing or purchasing dark fibre and deploying the necessary network equipment can be substantial, it can prove to be a more cost-effective solution in the long term for data centres with high and growing bandwidth needs.13 Instead of incurring recurring charges and potential price increases from ISPs for incremental bandwidth upgrades, data centres with dark fibre pay a relatively fixed cost for the infrastructure over the term of the lease or ownership.10 This predictability in pricing allows for better financial planning, especially for data centres anticipating significant growth in data traffic due to emerging technologies like AI.61 Furthermore, the ability to upgrade bandwidth by simply changing equipment, without incurring additional fees from a provider, can lead to significant cost savings over time, particularly for data-intensive operations.11 However, it is important to note that the cost-effectiveness of dark fibre depends on the specific bandwidth requirements and the duration of use, as for lower bandwidth needs or short-term requirements, traditional lit fibre services might be more economical.86

  1. Boosting Digital Experiences: Impact on Websites and Web Browsing in Guyana

The availability of widespread dark fibre infrastructure in Guyana holds the potential to significantly enhance the online experiences of users by improving website performance and web browsing speeds.

The virtually unlimited bandwidth offered by dark fibre can directly address the challenges of slow website loading times, which can lead to user frustration and abandonment.6 With more bandwidth available, websites hosted within Guyana or accessed by users in Guyana through international connections utilizing dark fibre can transfer data more rapidly, resulting in faster loading of web pages, images, and videos.7 This improvement is crucial as user expectations for website speed are constantly rising, with studies indicating that a significant percentage of users expect websites to load within a few seconds.87

Furthermore, dark fibre’s potential for ultra-low latency can dramatically improve the responsiveness of websites and web applications.6 Latency, the delay in data transfer, can significantly impact the user experience, especially for interactive content, real-time applications, and online gaming.95 By minimizing these delays, dark fibre can ensure smoother and more seamless online interactions, enhancing user satisfaction and engagement.16 This is particularly important for applications like video conferencing, online learning platforms, and e-commerce websites that rely on real-time data exchange and quick response times.91

The dedicated nature of dark fibre networks can also contribute to more reliable and stable connections, reducing instances of buffering or interruptions during web browsing and streaming.7 By bypassing the potential congestion on shared ISP networks, dark fibre can provide a more consistent and high-quality online experience for users across Guyana.16 This improved reliability and performance can have a positive impact on various aspects of digital life in Guyana, from facilitating online education and access to information to boosting e-commerce activities and supporting the growth of online businesses.73

  1. Stakeholder Analysis: Benefits and Challenges of Widespread Dark Fibre Adoption

The widespread adoption of dark fibre infrastructure in Guyana would have significant implications for various stakeholders within the country’s internet ecosystem.

Stakeholder Group Potential Benefits Potential Challenges
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) Opportunity to lease or sell existing unlit fibre, potentially generating new revenue streams.2 Enhanced infrastructure to support their own network expansion and service offerings, including 5G rollout.9 Reduced reliance on international bandwidth providers if domestic dark fibre networks are robust. Potential loss of revenue from large clients who might opt for dark fibre to build their own networks.2 Need for significant investment in equipment and expertise to manage and light up dark fibre if they choose to utilize it directly. Increased competition from organizations with private dark fibre networks offering high bandwidth services.
Businesses (including data centre operators, e-commerce, etc.) Access to virtually unlimited bandwidth and ultra-low latency, enabling support for advanced applications like AI, IoT, and big data.1 Enhanced security and control over network infrastructure, crucial for handling sensitive data.6 Long-term cost savings for organizations with high bandwidth demands by avoiding recurring ISP charges.13 Improved website and application performance, leading to better customer experiences and increased competitiveness.6 Significant upfront investment is required for leasing or purchasing dark fibre and deploying necessary network equipment.2 Need for in-house expertise or hiring specialized personnel to manage and maintain the dark fibre network.2 Responsibility for network monitoring, troubleshooting, and repairs falls on the business.11
Government Agencies Enhanced infrastructure for e-governance initiatives, improving public service delivery and efficiency.4 Potential for establishing secure and high-capacity networks for government operations and data management.6 Attraction of foreign investment in technology and data centre sectors due to robust infrastructure.76 Support for national digital transformation goals and bridging the digital divide.3 Need for strategic planning and regulatory frameworks to facilitate dark fibre deployment and access.4 Potential for significant investment in laying new dark fibre infrastructure or incentivizing private sector deployment. Ensuring fair access and preventing monopolies in dark fibre ownership and usage, and addressing security and resilience of critical infrastructure based on dark fibre.
Consumers Potential for faster and more reliable internet speeds and improved web browsing experiences.6 Enhanced performance for bandwidth-intensive applications like streaming, online gaming, and video conferencing.88 Potential for lower internet costs in the long run due to increased competition and infrastructure efficiency.83 Indirect impact, as consumers typically rely on ISPs to provide internet services. Benefits might not be immediately apparent or widespread depending on how ISPs leverage dark fibre infrastructure. Potential for increased digital divide if dark fibre deployment is concentrated in urban areas.
  1. The Landscape of Dark Fibre Initiatives in Guyana

Research into existing dark fibre initiatives or discussions about its implementation in Guyana reveals a growing recognition of its potential, although concrete large-scale deployments may still be in the early stages. The government’s focus on developing a robust digital economy and attracting investments in ICT infrastructure, particularly data centres, suggests a favorable environment for considering dark fibre.4

Several developments indicate a move towards enhanced fibre optic infrastructure in Guyana, which could potentially include dark fibre components. Digicel’s completion of the Deep Blue One submarine cable in February 2024 significantly improved connectivity between Guyana and other Caribbean nations, and this infrastructure could potentially support dark fibre offerings.20 Similarly, ENet’s activation of the Barbados-Guyana X-Link cable in 2019 and its continued expansion of fibre networks across Guyana demonstrate a growing fibre footprint.132 ONE Communications (formerly GTT) is also actively expanding its fibre network, aiming for 75% coverage by the end of 2025.20 ExxonMobil’s project to bring a state-of-the-art fibre optic cable system to shore to connect its offshore facilities to onshore network services, while primarily for their internal operations, could potentially lay the groundwork for future dark fibre availability in certain areas.132

The government’s discussions with investors to establish data centres in Guyana, particularly AI-driven data centres that require significant bandwidth, further underscore the need for robust connectivity solutions like dark fibre.77 The Guyana Infrastructure Consortium (GIC) is also focused on enhancing digital infrastructure, including terrestrial optical fibre networks, and is exploring data centre infrastructure development in Guyana.135 While specific dark fibre projects may not be explicitly detailed in the provided snippets, these initiatives and discussions indicate a growing awareness of the importance of high-capacity fibre optic infrastructure for Guyana’s digital future, and dark fibre is likely to be a crucial component in realizing this vision.

  1. Synthesizing the Future: Implications and the Importance of Stakeholder Involvement

The implications of widespread dark fibre availability for the digital future of Guyana are profound. This technology offers a pathway to overcoming current infrastructure limitations and unlocking the potential for significant advancements in various sectors. By providing virtually unlimited bandwidth and ultra-low latency, dark fibre can empower data centres to scale their operations to meet the demands of emerging technologies like artificial intelligence, positioning Guyana as a potential regional hub for data processing and storage.76 This can attract foreign investment, create high-skilled jobs, and stimulate economic growth in the ICT sector.4

Furthermore, the enhanced connectivity provided by dark fibre can lead to a significant improvement in the online experiences of citizens across Guyana. Faster website loading speeds, more responsive web applications, and seamless streaming and online gaming can bridge the digital divide and facilitate greater access to online education, government services, and e-commerce opportunities.3 This can contribute to increased digital literacy, greater social inclusion, and an overall improvement in the quality of life for Guyanese citizens.

However, realizing the full potential of dark fibre requires the active involvement and collaboration of all stakeholders in Guyana’s internet infrastructure ecosystem. Internet Service Providers need to explore opportunities to leverage dark fibre to enhance their own networks and service offerings, potentially through leasing unused capacity or investing in lighting up dark fibre infrastructure.2 Businesses, particularly data centre operators and those with high bandwidth needs, should actively consider the benefits of dark fibre for their operations and explore options for accessing or deploying it.6 Government agencies play a crucial role in creating a supportive regulatory environment, potentially incentivizing dark fibre deployment, and ensuring fair access to this critical infrastructure.4 Consumers, while indirectly benefiting, can also play a role by expressing their demand for faster and more reliable internet services, which can drive the adoption of advanced infrastructure like dark fibre.

  1. Conclusion: Paving the Way for a Digitally Advanced Guyana with Dark Fibre

Dark fibre presents a transformative opportunity for Guyana to significantly enhance its digital infrastructure and position itself as a competitive player in the global digital economy. It’s virtually unlimited bandwidth, ultra-low latency potential, and enhanced security offer compelling advantages for data centres, businesses, government operations, and ultimately, the online experiences of all citizens. While the widespread adoption of dark fibre will require strategic planning, investment, and collaboration among all stakeholders, the potential benefits for Guyana’s economic growth, social development, and technological advancement are immense. By embracing this technology and fostering an environment that encourages its deployment and utilization, Guyana can pave the way for a digitally advanced future, empowering its citizens and businesses to thrive in the 21st century.

The big question is, given that Guyana is an emerging economy (developing nation), HOW MUCH DARK FIBRE IS AVAILABLE FOR VALUE CREATION?

Source: https://gxmediagy.com/dark-fibre-enhancing-guyanas-digital-infrastructure-for-data-centres-websites-and-web-browsing/

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